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<h1 id="元素及其化合物--八--硫-ces-及其化合物">元素及其化合物 · 八 · 「硫 <span class="arithmatex">\((\ce{S})\)</span> 及其化合物」<a class="headerlink" href="#元素及其化合物--八--硫-ces-及其化合物" title="Permanent link"></a></h1>
<ol>
<li>
<p>游离态：硫单质俗称硫黄，主要存在于火山口附近或地壳的岩层中</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>化合态：主要以 硫化物 和 硫酸盐 的形式存在</p>
</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>黄铁矿</th>
<th>黄铜矿</th>
<th>石膏</th>
<th>芒硝</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeS2}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CuFeS2}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaSO4·2H2O}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2SO4·10H2O}\)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span> 的常见化合价：<span class="arithmatex">\(-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4,+6,+7,+8\)</span> （无 <span class="arithmatex">\(+5\)</span> 价）</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="硫单质">硫单质<a class="headerlink" href="#硫单质" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="物理性质">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>色态：黄色晶体，质脆，易研成粉末</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>溶解性：<strong>难溶于水，微溶于酒精，易溶于二硫化碳 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CS2}\)</span>​</strong> ，易溶于热煤油（化工题常考）</p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>因此二硫化碳可用于洗涤内壁附着硫单质的试管</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="化学性质">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>硫单质既表现 <strong>氧化性</strong> ，又表现 <strong>还原性</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2}\)</span> 反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2 +S\xlongequal{\Delta}H2S}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>硫化氢，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2S}\)</span>，臭鸡蛋味，有毒</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> 反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2 +S\xlongequal{点燃}SO2}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>无论氧气是否过量，产物均为二氧化硫（三氧化硫只在特殊的催化条件下生成）。发出明亮的蓝紫色火焰</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>与金属反应</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe +S\xlongequal{\Delta} \overset{+2}{Fe}S}\quad\ce{2Cu +S\xlongequal{\Delta} \overset{+1}{Cu2}S}\quad\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span> 的氧化性比 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{F、Cl}\)</span> 弱，只能生成金属的低价态；</p>
</blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Hg +S\xlongequal{} HgS}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>用于覆盖实验室撒落的汞以处理汞</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="硫酸">硫酸<a class="headerlink" href="#硫酸" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="物理性质_1">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质_1" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>纯硫酸是无色、黏稠的油状液体，沸点高、<strong>难挥发</strong>。常用的浓硫酸的质量分数是 <span class="arithmatex">\(98\%\)</span>（物质的量浓度为 <span class="arithmatex">\(18.4mol/L\)</span>），密度 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.84g/cm^3\)</span></p>
<h3 id="化学性质_1">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质_1" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>难挥发性</strong>：用于制备挥发性酸（如 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl、HNO3}\)</span> ）</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaCl +H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal{微热}NaHSO4 +HCl ^}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaNO3 + H2SO4 (浓)\xlongequal{微热}NaHSO4 + HNO3↑}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>强酸性</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>制磷酸：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca3(PO4)2 +3H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal{}3CaSO4 +2H3PO4}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>一般使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(70\%\)</span> 的浓硫酸，因为 <span class="arithmatex">\(98\%\)</span> 的浓硫酸氢离子浓度过小</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><strong>吸水性</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>浓硫酸具有 <strong>强烈的吸水能力</strong> ，能 <strong>吸收空气中的水分</strong> ，甚至能 <strong>吸收结晶水合物的水</strong> ，故浓硫酸常用作 <strong>干燥剂</strong> ，干燥一些 <strong>不与浓硫酸反应的气体</strong> 。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>用浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 可干燥 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2、H2、N2、CO2、Cl2、HCl、CO2、CO、CH4}\)</span> 等气体，但不能干燥 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3、H2S、HI、HBr}\)</span> 等气体</p>
<p>运用：在乙酸乙酯的制备实验中，用浓硫酸吸水，促进反应正向移动，提高乙酸乙酯的产率</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><strong>脱水性</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>浓硫酸具有很强的腐蚀性，能按氢、氧原子 <span class="arithmatex">\(2:1\)</span> 的比例脱去纸、棉布、木条等有机物中的氢、氧元素；浓硫酸具有强腐蚀性与脱水性有很大关系，如浓硫酸会使蓝色石蕊试纸先变红，后变黑（碳化）</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>蔗糖的脱水实验：<span class="arithmatex">\(\begin{cases}Frist.&amp;\ce{C12H22O11-&gt;[浓H2SO4]12C +11H2O}\\Second.&amp;\ce{C +H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal{\Delta}CO2 ^ +2SO2 ^ +2H2O}\end{cases}\\\)</span></li>
</ol>
<p>既体现浓硫酸的 <strong>脱水性</strong> 又体现 <strong>强氧化性</strong> </p>
<ol>
<li>醇的消去反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{C2H5OH-&gt;[浓 H2SO4][170°C]CH2=CH2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><strong>强氧化性</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>硫酸中的硫元素处于最高价态。<strong>浓硫酸</strong> 能与许多物质发生氧化还原反应，是常见的氧化剂</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>与铜反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu +2H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal{\Delta}CuSO4 +SO2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>不浓不热不反应</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>与木炭反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{C +H2SO4(浓)\xlongequal{\Delta}CO2 ^ +2SO2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>其他</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在常温下，浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe、Al}\)</span> 反应，生成了致密、坚固的氧化膜阻止金属与浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 接触，从而保护了金属。因此常温下可用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe、Al}\)</span> 制容器盛放浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> ；浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Fe、Al}\)</span> 可以反应，浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu}\)</span> 常温下不反应</p>
</li>
<li>金属单质或低价金属的盐与浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 反应时，浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 既显氧化性又显酸性（与铜反应</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="二氧化硫">二氧化硫<a class="headerlink" href="#二氧化硫" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="物理性质_2">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质_2" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>无色、有刺激性气味的有毒气体，密度比空气大，易溶于水（1 体积的水能溶解约 40 体积的二氧化硫），可用于杀菌消毒（向葡萄酒中加入适量二氧化硫）</p>
<h3 id="化学性质_2">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质_2" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<h4 id="ⅰ-ceso2-是-酸性氧化物具有酸性氧化物的通性">Ⅰ <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 是 <strong>酸性氧化物</strong>，具有酸性氧化物的通性<a class="headerlink" href="#ⅰ-ceso2-是-酸性氧化物具有酸性氧化物的通性" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>与水反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{\overset{+4}{S}O2 +H2O &lt;=&gt; H2\overset{+4}{S}O3}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO3}\)</span> 为二元酸；<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2\sim H2SO3\overset{完全}{\sim} 2OH-}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO3}\)</span> 为中强酸，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HSO^-_3}\)</span> 电离大于水解，因此 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaHSO3}\)</span> 显酸性（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H3PO4}\)</span> 同理）</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>与碱反应：</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>少量 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 通入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +2OH- \xlongequal{}SO^2-_3 +H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>过量 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 通入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +OH- \xlongequal{} HSO^-_3 }\)</span>​</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>制备：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2SO3 +H2SO4(浓) \xlongequal{} Na2SO4 +SO2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="ⅱ-ceso2-既有氧化性又有还原性以还原性为主">Ⅱ <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 既有氧化性，又有还原性，以还原性为主<a class="headerlink" href="#ⅱ-ceso2-既有氧化性又有还原性以还原性为主" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>还原性</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>二氧化硫在适当的温度并有催化剂存在的条件下，可以被氧气氧化，生成三氧化硫</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2SO2 +O2 &lt;=&gt;[V2O5][\Delta]2SO3}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>三氧化硫也是一种酸性氧化物，溶于水时与水发生剧烈反应，生成硫酸</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3 +H2O\xlongequal{}H2SO4}\)</span></p>
<p>应用：工业制备硫酸</p>
<p><img src="./images/8.1.png" style="zoom:50%;" /></p>
<p>工业上一般以硫磺（ <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span> ）或其它含疏物（如黄铁矿 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{FeS2}\)</span> ）为原料来制备硫酸。金属冶炼时产生的含二氧化硫废气经回收后也可用于制备硫酸</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4FeS2 +11O2\xlongequal{高温}2Fe2O3 +8SO2}\)</span> 或 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S +O2\xlongequal{点燃}SO2}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2SO2 +O2 &lt;=&gt;[V2O5][\Delta]2SO3}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3 +H2O\xlongequal{}H2SO4}\)</span></p>
<p>（一般工业上不用水吸收三氧化硫，而是使用二氧化硫，因为三氧化硫溶于水大量放热，水沸腾形成酸雾，酸雾随着气流离开，减少对三氧化硫的吸收效果）</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>能被 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O2、Cl2、Br2、I2、Fe^3+、KMnO4、HNO3、ClO-}\)</span> 等强氧化剂氧化生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +H2O2\xlongequal{}H2SO4}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +Cl2(Br2/I2) +2H2O\xlongequal{}H2SO4 +2HCl(HBr/HI)}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +2Fe^3+ +2H2O\xlongequal{}SO^2-_4 +2Fe^2+ + 4H+}\)</span></li>
<li><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{5SO2 +2MnO^-_4 +2H2O \xlongequal{} 2Mn^2+ +5SO^2-_4 +4H+}\)</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>二氧化硫不与浓硫酸反应，因为两者如果反应，会归中反应至+5 价，而+5 价的硫化物不稳定</p>
<p>因此，二氧化硫可以用浓硫酸干燥</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>氧化性</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2S}\)</span> 反应： <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +2H2S\xlongequal{}3S +2H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2S}\)</span> 已是最低价态，只能表现还原性，二氧化硫表现氧化性</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>漂白性</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 具有漂白作用，能使 <strong>品红溶液</strong> 等有色物质褪色</p>
<p>漂白的原理是 <strong><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 与有色物质结合生成了不稳定的无色物质</strong>，与其氧化性无关。<strong>加热后又显红色</strong>，是由于不稳定的无色物质又分解为原来的 物质</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 能漂白品红、鲜花等有机色素，<strong>不能漂白酸碱指示剂，如酚酞、石蕊等</strong>。工业上常用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 来漂白纸浆、毛、丝、草帽辫等，还用于消毒、杀菌等</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<p>将 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 通入含酚酞的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液中，溶液褪色，与其漂白性无关， <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 溶于水形成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^-_3}\)</span> ，与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 中和，使得溶液由碱性变酸性，因此酚酞变色</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 使溴水、高锰酸钾褪色，与其漂白性无关，是由于其 <strong>还原性</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>氯水的漂白原理与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 不同</strong>，氯水的漂白原理是 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2O}\)</span> 反应后生成了 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HClO}\)</span> 具有强氧化性，将有色的物质氧化为无色的物质，<strong>褪色后不能恢复原来的颜色</strong></p>
</li>
<li>将氯水与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 混合，会使得漂白性消失（ <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2 +Cl2 +2H2O\xlongequal{}H2SO4 +2HCl}\)</span> ）</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="ceso2-的实验室制备"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 的实验室制备<a class="headerlink" href="#ceso2-的实验室制备" title="Permanent link"></a></h4>
<ol>
<li>不加热型制备</li>
</ol>
<p>反应原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2SO3 +H2SO4(浓) \xlongequal{} Na2SO4 +SO2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></p>
<p>离子方程式：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^{2-}_3 +2H+ \xlongequal{} SO2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>一般使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(75\%\)</span> 的浓硫酸，<span class="arithmatex">\(98\%\)</span> 的浓硫酸氢离子浓度过小；但也不能过小，因为会导致反应速率慢、<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 过多溶解在水中</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>加热型制备</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu +2H2SO4(浓) \xlongequal{\Delta} CuSO4 +SO2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span> （不浓不热不反应）</p>
<blockquote>
<p>常考有关阿伏伽德罗常数问题，无法根据 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu}\)</span> 的量判断实际生成的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> ，<strong>因为浓硫酸浓度随反应降低而停止反应</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>干燥：使用浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{H2SO4}\)</span> 干燥（两者不反应）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>收集：密度比空气大，向上排空气法</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>尾气处理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ceso3"><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3}\)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#ceso3" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>物理性质：标况下为无色固体，常温下为无色液体，熔点为 <span class="arithmatex">\(16.8°\ce{C}\)</span>， 易升华，极易溶于水并放出大量热</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>化学性质：</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与水反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3 +H2O=H2SO4}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与碱性氧化物反应</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaO +SO3 = CaSO4}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Na2O +SO3 = Na2SO4}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与碱反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3 +2OH- = SO^2-_4 +CO2}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与某些盐溶液反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3 +Ba^2+ +H2O = BaSO4 v +2H+}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>用于鉴别 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO3}\)</span> ：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 加入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> 溶液中无沉淀</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<p>## 硫酸根离子的检验</p>
<ol>
<li>原理：在溶液中，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> 可与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ba^2+}\)</span> 反应，生成 <strong>不溶于稀盐酸</strong> 的白色 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaSO4}\)</span> 沉淀</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>强酸根形成的沉淀往往难溶于强酸，例如 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaSO4}\)</span> 、 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span> 不溶于盐酸、硝酸</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>操作方法</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>取少许待测液于洁净试管中，先加入足量稀盐酸酸化</p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ba^2+}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4、CO^2-_3、SO^2-_3}\)</span> 形成沉淀，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ag+}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl-}\)</span> 形成沉淀；稀盐酸可排除 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CO^2-_3、SO^2-_3、Cl-}\)</span> 的干扰</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>上一步后无明显现象（若有沉淀，则静置后取上层清液），滴加 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> 溶液</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>若有白色沉淀产生，则说明待测液中含有 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> </p>
<p>若无白色沉淀产生，则说明待测液中不含 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>注意事项</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>不能只加入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> ，且盐酸和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> 的顺序不可以颠倒</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如：待测液先加入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> ，发现白色沉淀，再加入稀盐酸，观察到沉淀不消失，不可判断是 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> </p>
<p>因为虽然排除了 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCO3}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaSO3}\)</span> 的干扰，但也有可能是 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span> （<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 不会使 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgCl}\)</span> 沉淀消失）</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>不可以引入硝酸根，例如不可以加 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HNO3}\)</span> 酸化或是加 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ba(NO3)2}\)</span> </p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>例题：那么无色溶液的阴离子可能是 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl- 、Br- 、I- 、SO^2-_3 、SO^2-_4}\)</span> 中的一种或几种，取少量该溶液与试管中，滴加少量氯水，溶液仍为无色，将试管中的溶液分成两份，分别加入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgNO3}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> 溶液，均有白色沉淀产生。则原溶液中一定存在的阴离子与可能存在的阴离子有哪些？</p>
<p>解答：</p>
<ol>
<li>由于溶液是无色的，因此滴加的少量氯水与还原性物质进行了反应，可被氧化的还原性物质有 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br- 、I- 、SO^2-_3}\)</span> </li>
<li>由于 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br- 、I-}\)</span> 被氧化后的溶液有颜色（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br:}\)</span> 橙黄；<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{I2:}\)</span> 黄），而且 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{\overset{+4}{S}}\)</span>  的还原性较大，因此氯水使得 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_3}\)</span> 氧化为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> ，因此溶液中一定存在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_3}\)</span> </li>
<li>但如果氯水较少，仅氧化 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_3}\)</span> ，而如果有 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br- 、I-}\)</span> ，则不会被氧化，因此溶液中可能存在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Br- 、I-}\)</span> </li>
<li>滴加少量氯水时为溶液引入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl-}\)</span> ，因此无法通过与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgNO3}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{AgC}\)</span> 沉淀判断原溶液是否存在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl-}\)</span> </li>
<li>由于无论原溶液是否存在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> ， <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_3}\)</span> 都会被氧化为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO^2-_4}\)</span> ，因此无法通过与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaCl2}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{BaSO4}\)</span> 沉淀判断原溶液是否存在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl-}\)</span> </li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="硫及其化合物的转化">硫及其化合物的转化<a class="headerlink" href="#硫及其化合物的转化" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/8.2.svg" /></p>


  



 
 
 
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